Author Archive
Menopause and Its Symptoms
Menopause is a normal change in a woman’s life when their menstrual periods cease. That’s why some people refer to menopause as “the change of life.” During menopause, a woman’s body slowly begins to produce less of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. This is often between 45 and 55 years of age.
It is believed that a woman has entered menopause when she has not had a period for 12 consecutive months, and there are other causes for this change. When approaching menopause may have symptoms of the changes for your agency is happening.
Many women wonder if these changes are normal, and many are confused about how to treat its symptoms. You may feel better if you learn all you can about menopause, and if you see your doctor about your health and your symptoms. If you want to treat your symptoms, he or she can teach you more about your options and can help you make the best decisions about their treatment.
What are the symptoms of menopause?
Menstrual periods cease all women entering menopause. Some women may have no other symptoms. However, when approaching menopause, you may have:
* Changes in your period – can vary the frequency of periods, and the flow from month to month.
Effectiveness of Bariatric Surgery for Morbid Obesity
Such interventions are currently considered as a very effective method for the treatment of morbid obesity, reaching 72% success rate (after two years of operation the patients have lost an average of 50% of their excess weight). But … Is it advisable for anyone?.
Bariatric surgery involves reducing, using various techniques (mainly gastroplasty, the gastric bypass and adjustable band), the capacity of the stomach.
It is not plastic surgery, as it pertains to the field of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, and are always aggressive interventions with the body that should only be performed in extreme cases where previous treatments have failed less invasive.
Morbidly obese 1-2% of the population whose Body Mass Index (remember that BMI is obtained by dividing weight in kilos between height in meters squared) greater than 40. Even being in this situation, the requirements that a person must meet to be eligible for this operation are as follows:
1) Have an age between 18 and 60.
2) Submit an evolution of at least 5 years of obesity.
3) does not suffer from mental problems incompatible, as psychotic disorders, cognitive deficits, certain addictions such as alcoholism, bulimia and anorexia.
4) repeated failure of other conventional treatments.
In any case, surgery must always be accompanied by a change in the habits of life of patients and in half the cases, psychological assistance
Surgery Of The Nose (Part 2)
A nose may show that has been operated is not in line with the rest of the face or if you have imbalance in any of its components.
Depending on the case, it may be possible to modify the shape of a nose only with the removal of small amounts of bone and cartilage, but at other times, to increase the size of a nose too small, to fill areas or to support, it is necessary the use of cartilage grafts from the patient, which may be taken from the nasal septum, the ear through an incision in the fold, or in some cases of nasal reconstruction, bone grafts from the rib, pelvis or skull.
In the East (Japan, Taiwan, etc …) is very common the use of silicone implants to increase the hump or back of the nose, but often this type of implant may have problems during the post-operative and can externalize .
There are several techniques of rhinoplasty (nose surgery), which can be grouped into two groups:
* closed rhinoplasty, where incisions are placed inside the nostrils (nares) and some phases of the operation is performed without directly view the structures.
* open rhinoplasty, in which an incision is made in the skin that separates the two nostrils (columella), to visualize how these are the tissues and treated under direct vision.
At a general level, it is possible to separate the nose areas, each of which must be in perfect relationship with others:
Upper zone: the birth of the nose between the eyebrows is the angle fronto-nasal, which is the angle of the forehead and nose, and is formed by the nasal bones and frontal bone and maxilla. It may be too prominent (Greek nose) or too collapsed.
Surgery Of The Nose (Part 1)
The nose has a specific role in the process of respiration to be maintained or improved after an intervention, and how it should be normal enough to pass unnoticed.
The nose does not have much role in the expressiveness of the face, which is carried out by the look and the shaping of the mouth (smile, disgust, etc.).. A nose provided or beautiful is considered a general trait, such as the shape of the face, the definition of the cheekbones or chin.
A nose operated must work properly, be provided in accordance with the whole person and specifically his face, and the result achieved should be natural, ie not appreciate that has been operated.
Many times, the patient can improve your facial profile with rhinoplasty and done at the same time a chin augmentation, to give an appearance more harmonious whole face.
The nose surgery also includes all cases of reconstruction post-cancer (by plasties and flaps), degenerative diseases or proliferative diseases (rhinophyma).
There have been numerous studies that have attempted to establish the ideal proportions of beauty of a face, quantifying degree angles and distances in mm, and have been used by sculptors and artists such as by plastic surgeons in the planning and execution of surgical interventions nose.
Treatment of Leukemia Cancer
As this type of leukemia is common in patients of advanced age, often in ways not very aggressive and low capacity of treatment to prolong life, it is essential first to decide whether treatment is necessary or not.
It should deal with cases where the disease is active, ie who has anemia or thrombopenia resistant, lymphadenopathy massive or rapid growth, constitutional symptoms or lymphocytosis rapidly progressive.
Patients who are in stage 0 of Rai, the prognosis is very good, they are not usually given any treatment because there is no cure.
These patients often have more than 60 years and what they usually do is carefully monitored. More than half of them live, at least ten years after diagnosis of the disease.
For stages I and II, intermediate risk, no treatment is required immediately if there are no symptoms. When symptoms associated with the disease, use of chemotherapy with chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide, is usually given along with prednisone.
Other medications used are similar to purines, such as fludarabine, which are drugs that interfere with DNA synthesis, producing a selective decrease of T cells and therefore a severe immunosuppression. This medicine, in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, get referrals full or partial in 50% of cases.
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Leukemia Cancer
In its initial stage, these leukemias are asymptomatic in 60% of the cases are detected only after performing a routine laboratory, which is an increase in lymphocytes.
As the disease progresses, we see the presence of lymphadenopathy and organomegaly to increase as greater the number of lymphocytes.
You also have other symptoms caused by the decrease in the number of other blood cells such as red blood cells and platelets.
The anemia does not occur in the first stage of the disease, but when the bone is affected by the invasion of lymphocytes, there is a decrease of red blood cells. Anemia produces pallor, fatigue, shortness of breath and tachycardia.
Sometimes bleeding is shown by the decrease in platelets. They are serious when the platelet count is below 10,000 per ml and will not happen if the decline is not very intense (50,000 per ml).
It may not be reached to produce a large hemorrhage and that lack of platelets occurs only bruising, bleeding gums or nosebleeds mild.
What are Chronic Leukemia?
There are several types of chronic leukemia cells depending altered. On the one hand, there are chronic lymphoproliferative syndromes, and other chronic myeloproliferative disorders.
Chronic lymphoproliferative syndromes are a series of diseases caused by the uncontrolled growth (neoplastic nature) of mature-looking cells that present with a peripheral blood involvement.
Most of these syndromes are caused by abnormal growth and proliferation of B lymphocytes Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is, in these syndromes, the most common in Western populations.
Chronic myeloproliferative syndromes are due to an alteration of stem cells or blood-forming, which is used to increase the number of precursor cells and mature cells derived from them. Among these syndromes, is chronic myeloid leukemia.
COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD
The bone marrow, which is inside the bones, is composed of hematopoietic cells by fat cells and supporting tissues.
Hematopoietic stem cells reproduce continuously to form new cells. Some of these, will turn new stem cells and others, when mature, will become red blood cells, white cells and platelets.
Red blood cells, erythrocytes or red blood cells are responsible, through a component called hemoglobin, carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon monoxide in the opposite direction. Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow at a rate of about two million per second. If they decrease, anemia will occur and will not be enough oxygen to the tissues.
Treatments and Effects Secondary of Gynecological Tumors
According tumor type and stadium in finds himself applies one different treatment. Health and patient age also are decisive choosing treatment strategy. Techniques are diverse and can use isolation or combined.
Surgery is treatment commonest allows kill cancer cells and if necessary, withdraw ovaries fallopian tubes u other bodies been affected by cancer or metastasis. Where what extracted be uterus technique called hysterectomy. The lymph nodes may be withdrawn surgically.
After surgery, patient feel inicial pains abdominal can mitigated with drugs. Also experience difficulties or discomfort urination. When ovaries or uterus been withdrawn besides physical pains women usually stage emotionally difficult; not gonna childlessness, and currently another couple has passed by same situation or someone talk becomes a necessity fundamental.
Also produces menopause abrupt causing many symptoms and inconvenience more intense than natural menopause that is slower and progressive. For this exist treatments like hormonal therapies surrogate. But recent experiments have questioned these treatments because can foster appearance other cancers.
Detection and Symptoms of Gynecological Tumors
The most common symptom of cancer of the uterus and cervix is abnormal vaginal bleeding. At first, this bleeding is a very watery fluid in which the amount of blood will be higher.
Be careful not to confuse it with the onset of menopause, should coincide with this period of life. Other signs are pain during sex or urination, or a general discomfort in the pelvic area.
The problem of ovarian cancer is that these symptoms come too late, so when it is detected, the disease is already at a very advanced and very difficult to solve.
Among the most used techniques to detect cancers of the female reproductive tract include:
* The pelvic examination: the doctor is done manually and includes the uterus, vagina, ovaries, fallopian tubes, bladder and rectum. In the event that it detected an anomaly in the shape or size of these bodies would be to use imaging techniques such as ultrasound.
* According to a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, it is advisable to combine the Pap smear with a test for human papillomavirus, and that 93% of women with cancer of the cervix are infected with this virus. There is also a vaccine that has shown positive results when it comes to protecting women from contracting it. Doctors recommend getting vaccinated before starting a sexual activity.
Prevention and Risk Factors of Gynecological Tumors
A study by British and French researchers has concluded that the use of the pill as a contraceptive may promote the development of cervical cancer. And it is that this drug does not prevent infection, during sexual intercourse, human papilloma virus like or bacteria like chlamydia, whose infection can lead to cancer.
This risk increases with the length of time that has consumed the pill. The women who have used oral contraceptives for less than five years have a 10% chance of having a tumor of the cervix, while those who have used five to nine years, the percentage may reach 60%.
Getting the vaccine to immunize against the human papilloma virus before starting a sexual activity could also seems to prevent or at least reduce the chances of contracting cervical cancer, according to recent studies.
Smoking and sex before age 18 and switch many different sexual partners is another cause of these tumors. If a man has intercourse with a woman with cervical cancer risk increases because they are more likely to have been infected with a virus.